The Impact Of Keynesian Theory On The Economy - 1805 Words

View In the world today there are three types of scenarios; either the economy is in a recession, economic stability or inflation. And when it’s in a Recessionary or Inflationary period the things the government must do to correct the situation to bring things back to normal before the situation becomes worst. Here we are going to try and understand the concept of the â€Å"Keynesian Theory† approach to â€Å"fixing† the economy and bring things back to normal. John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His theory has been used throughout the years with great success. Keynes approach to a recession was that the public has lost in confidence in their government, has become frighten, and holds on to their money, which results in less spending. It becomes a vicious cycle of economic decline. According to Keynes the way to break this was for the government to spend money on bridges, roads and public works which in turn pumps money into the economy which in turn would put money back into the economy, create more jobs and the public would have more money to spend. This along with tax cuts would help â€Å"jump start† the economy. There are tools that the United States can use to expand the money supply. The Federal Reserve being the most common can buy U.S debts from banks which in turn would give the banks more money to loan. The second would be to loosen credit requirement, and a third would be to cut the prime lending rate to commercial banks.Show MoreRelatedKeynesian Theory During The Great Depression949 Words   |  4 PagesSince the establishment of the Keynesian theory during the Great Depression, there was a continuous rivalry between Keynesians and monetarists. 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However, in the monetary economy cycle theories, the expected monetary supply changes will not influence the total economy; the unexpected money supply changes will impact the total economic in short term. In the long term, it merely impacts the changes of general price levels, instead of on the changes of total economy. ThereforeRead MoreThe Theory Of Keynesian Economics916 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"classical theory had difficulty in explaining why the depression kept getting worse† (Cheung, n.d., para. 1). Many economists have attempted to develop theories that help to explain changing circumstances and why things kept getting worse. John Maynard Keynes, a British economist also known as the founder of macroeconomics, saw this as an opportunity and began to develop alternative ideas. His alternative ideas led to the idea of Keynesian economics. What is Keynesian Economics? Keynesian economicsRead MoreBusiness Cycle Theories : A General Comparison1625 Words   |  7 Pages Business Cycle Theories: A General Comparison Maria Sciarrino Niagara University ECO101HON â€Æ' Business Cycle Theories: A General Comparison Throughout history, economies have experienced times of high growth and low unemployment as well as times of little or negative growth and high unemployment. It is controversial whether or not these instances occurred from regular fluctuations in the market. These alternating up and down fluctuations typically occur over several years, with each individualRead MoreThe Theory Of The Classical School1694 Words   |  7 Pagesto ensure that all of the output will be sold. Another assumption is that the market system automatically restores economic equilibrium from any temporary shock, meaning government intervention is unnecessary. The second school of thought is the Keynesian school; the key assumptions of this school are that the market system is instinctively unstable in the sense that it falls to maintain economic equilibrium from time to time. Once disequilibrium occurs the market mechanism may not be able to restoreRead MoreKayne vs Hayek1370 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior, and decision-making of the whole economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. They develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. The two major theories of economics are Classical Economics and Keynesian Economics. Classical economists believeRead MoreThe Impact Of Classical Economics On The United States1052 Words   |  5 Pagestheorists who believe they can solve the great divide. No one ever plans for a recession to last more than a few months, let alone watch the economy crumble into a deep depression. How can this happen, when the economy is supposed to be able to self-correct itself as one theory suggests? Moreover, when self-correction does not triumph, does a new theory take effect to explain this conundrum? This week’s readings have introduced the concept of how classical economics have been taught since 1817Read MoreIntroduction. The Rising Unemployment Has Generated Challenges1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe increased rates of unemployment are contributed to by factors such as recession periods that adversely affects the economy. Impacts on the economy in turn affect the labor force leadin g to loss of employment and reducing the rates of employment opportunities in the country. The United States has experienced cases of recession periods and has caused significant negative impacts on the communities and economic growth of the country. The prevalence of high unemployment rates in low income communities

Corporate Finance for Car Industry -MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Finance for Car Industry. Answer: Introduction The market risk premium is the variance amid anticipated yield on the market platform and the free rate (RFR). The MRP is determind through (Benth, et al. (2008) Expected Market return RFR= MRP A for BMW the best market risk premium to implement is the implied equity market risk premium methodology; this is because the approached deals with current issues. Which is the case in the car industry where the past, outcomes dont determine the current or future results because of the frequent changes in its market. On the other hand, BMW is an established company and investors expect yields on a higher scale. That why the Implied equity market risk premium approach would fit in as its considerations are more of real current facts and not more on the assumption (Treynor, (1961). An Example of an MRP that BMW has Posted The German based car company BMW uses the BETA as a Market risk premium. Beta is also known as beta coefficient; it calculates the expected returns of an asset which is used for capital asset pricing model (CAPM). It measures the relative risk from the changing market, as it shows the volatility level of how far the funds will fall in the market, and to which point the funds will rise if the market levels climb. For example, beta states that if the securitys price is below 1, it means that the price is less volatile than the market. Where else if it is greater than one then the security price is much higher than the market. This gives a consolidated conclusion as to what level of prices will underperform or outperform in the market (Blume, (1971) Reference Blume, M. E. (1971). On the assessment of risk. The Journal of Finance, 26(1), 1-10. Benth, F. E., Cartea, ., Kiesel, R. (2008). Pricing forward contracts in power markets by the certainty equivalence principle: explaining the sign of the market risk premium. Journal of Banking Finance, 32(10), 2006-2021. Treynor, J. L. (1961). Toward a theory of market value of risky assets. Unpublished manuscript, 6.

Man and his Environment Notes Essay Example

Man and his Environment Notes Paper Hence, energy flow through an ecosystem is non-cyclic and energy must be continuously supplied to the ecosystem. Suggested and excreted materials (e. G. Faces, urine) and dead organisms contain trapped chemical energy, which is released through the action of decomposer. Approximately 10% of net energy production at one tropic level is passed on to the next level. Not all the energy produced or consumed at each level is passed on. Energy transfer in ecosystems in inefficient. Here are some reasons why: . 3. 4. Energy is needed to carry out life processes. Heat is lost to the surroundings during respiration. Not every part of the organism gets eaten. Not everything consumed is digested by the consumer (e. G. Cellulose from plants cannot be digested by humans) Biology ; Man and His Environment Energy is transferred between tropic levels Organisms in any ecosystem can be classified as producers, consumers and decomposer. The transfer of energy and nutrients is dependent on the feeding relationships of an ecosystem. A food chain shows the sequence of food transfer from one organism to another. Each stage in a food chain is known as a tropic level. Producers: Producers are organisms that are able to produce their own organic matter (e. G. Carbohydrates) from inorganic nutrients (e. G. Water, carbon dioxide) through photosynthesis. We will write a custom essay sample on Man and his Environment Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Man and his Environment Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Man and his Environment Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are also known as atrophic organisms or authors (auto-self, troop=nutrition). Other than green plants, algae and certain types of bacteria and unicellular organisms can produce their own food. Consumers: Organisms in the tropic levels above the producers. Herbivores are primary consumers which feed directly on producers. Carnivores are consumers which feed on other consumers. Consumers, which do not make their own food, are also known as heterodox (hetero=other). Decomposer: Decomposer (e. G. Bacteria and fungi) are a group of consumers that obtains their energy from detritus (dead material and waste of organisms from all tropic levels). Organic material from the tissues of organisms (e. G. Reverberates) will be broken down into simpler inorganic substances (e. G. Carbon, nitrogen). These substances can be recycled in the ecosystem. A food web shows the inter-relationships between different food chains. A food web is a more realistic representation of feeding relationships in an ecosystem as consumers usually have more than one source of food and some organisms are a source of food for multiple consumers. Ecological pyramids: Pyramid of numbers and Pyramid of biomass Ecological pyramids are a visual representation of how different populations interact within a community. They are used to compare the different tropic levels in a food chain. They are horizontal bar diagrams, with the producers placed at the base of the pyramid, followed by the primary consumers and so on. Pyramid of numbers Pyramid of biomass A pyramid of biomass compares the *mass A pyramid of numbers compares the of organisms present at each tropic level number of organisms present at each in an area at a particular time. Tropic level in an area at a particular time. *the average dry mass of each species in each tropic level must be obtained, and then multiplied by the estimated total number of individuals in the food chain. Example 1 Example 2. 2 Example 2. 1 Why do the two pyramids in Example 2. 1 and 2. 2 have different shapes? Why do the two pyramids in Example 1 and 2. 1 have different shapes? Most ecological pyramids are pyramid-shaped, but there are some exceptions, as seen in Example 2. In the table above. A pyramid of numbers may appear to be inverted if: Organisms on one tropic level are parasitic on organisms on another tropic level (e. G. Aphids feeding on the sap of an elder tree) Many small organisms on one tropic level feed on a large organism Of another tropic level A pyramid of biomass may appear to be inverted if it includes organisms which reproduce rapidly (e. G. Phytoplankton). (2) Nutrient cycling Inorganic nutrients like carbon and nitrogen can be recycled They are obtained from the biotic environment (e. G. Air, soil) Nutrients are continuously recycled in a balanced ecosystem The Carbon Cycle Carbon is constantly being removed from and released into the environment in the form of carbon dioxide. Thus, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the environment remains relatively constant. The processes involved in the removal of carbon dioxide and its release into the environment make up the carbon cycle. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic organisms convert carbon, from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, into carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can also be converted to proteins and fats. Feeding: Animals obtain carbon compounds (e. G. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats) by feeding on plants and other animals. Respiration: Some of the carbon compounds are converted back to carbon dioxide through respiration, which releases energy for cell activities. Decomposition: Decomposer like fungi and bacteria break down the carbon compounds in dead tissue into carbon dioxide, which is returned to the atmosphere Combustion: Some of the remains of dead organisms are locked up as carbon-based fossil fuels like coal and oil. The burning of such fossil fuels releases the stored carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Ecological field techniques: Quadrate and Transect sampling Within an ecosystem, the Organisms are rarely distributed evenly and Hereford it can be very difficult to count their numbers accurately. Scientists therefore need to adopt appropriate sampling techniques to achieve a realistic estimate of population numbers. Why are such field techniques important? What can we do with the data obtained from these sampling techniques? Quadrate sampling A quadrate is a sampling unit of known area. They are usually taken using square frames of size 1 urn. Quadrate can vary in size, depending on the particular habitat and type of organisms likely to be encountered. Quadrate should be placed randomly so that a representative sample is taken. Transect sampling A transect is simply a line that is stretched over an area that we want to study. Compared to quadrate sampling the transect sample points are arranged in linear fashion. This approach is useful when recording changes in the species composition or population numbers where some sort of transition or environmental gradient exists (e. G. N intertribal area like a sea shore or mangrove, or an area next to where a pollutant is known to be spreading). Impact of Man on the Environment Our ecosystem consists of regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole, and it is meant to be functioning at a teddy state. However, due to the exponential increase in human population over the years, the impact of man on the environment is increasingly noticeable. Additional information Ecological and carbon footprints An ecological footprint measures the total amount of land and resources used to produce the resources that the population consumes and assimilate the wastes that the population produces. A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil eels for electricity, heating and transportation and so on. Calculate your carbon footprint! Http://www. Onus. Du. So/goes/resources/carbonization_calculator. HTML pollution Pollution is the release of substances, which cause harm to living organisms, into the environment. Substances that cause pollution are called pollutants. Water pollution and fasciculation The use of insecticides to kill insects has its impact on other organisms. If insecticides are carried by rainwater into water bodies like rivers and lakes, they can accumulate in high concentrations in the bodies of aquatic organisms. For instance, EDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an insecticide that is nonprogrammable, which means that it cannot be broken down by microorganisms. It is insoluble in water and is thus stored in the fatty tissues of organisms that consume it. If consumers keep consuming food that contains EDT, the concentration of EDT will further increase in their bodies. This is called fasciculation. The insecticide is then passed along food chains, increasing the concentration of EDT in the bodies of organisms along the tropic levels. This process is called pontification or pontification. Water pollution by sewage and inorganic waste Water-borne diseases and poisoning Sewage contains waste matter from homes and industries, which contains a lot of disseminating organisms like bacteria if left untreated. If such organisms get into drinking water, water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid may spread. Inorganic waste from industries, like mercury, lead and zinc can be absorbed by aquatic organisms and cause poisoning (e. G. Intimate mercury poisoning in 1 sass Japan, where many who ate fish from the polluted water were blinded or paralyses). Triplication Triplication is the process where water receives excess nutrients like hostages and nitrates, which causes excessive growth of algae and water plants. Untreated sewage and inorganic fertilizers contains phosphates and nitrates. Inorganic fertilizers that are not absorbed by plants may dissolve in ground water, or get washed by rainwater into water bodies like rivers and lakes. Phosphates and nitrates are nutrients for algae and water plants. As a result, their growth is enhanced. The overgrowth of algae and floating water plants prevent sunlight from reaching the submerged plants. The submerged algae and plants die and are decomposed by bacteria and fungi. As the bacteria multiply rapidly, they use up oxygen in the water. Other organisms such as fish die due to the lack Of oxygen. Environmental biotechnology Sewage treatment Environmental biotechnology is the use of biological science to provide environmentally friendly solutions to red cue pollution. Sewage treatment helps to minimize the effects of water pollution on the environment. Decomposer like bacteria are naturally found in sewage. However, decomposition takes time and occurs at different rates. Sewage treatment in water reclamation plants is a controlled process which ensures that sewage is ropey treated in one location before being released into the environment. The sewage treatment process 1) Sewage from households is channeled into the water reclamation plant. 2) The used water is passed through bar screens to remove large, coarse materials. Primary treatment: 3) The screened liquid is sent to the primary settlement tank. Here, the liquid flow is very slow. This allows solids to settle at the bottom Of the tank as primary sludge. The primary sludge is removed and fed into an anaerobic digester (anaerobic-not requiring oxygen). The top liquid from this tank flows into an aeration tank. Secondary treatment: 4) Activated sludge process in the aeration tank: In the aeration tank, the liquid is mixed with aerobic microorganisms like bacteria. Bubbles of air are pumped into the liquid. The oxygen in the air is used by the microorganisms for aerobic respiration (aerobic-requiring oxygen). The microorganisms absorb and break down organic pollutants in the water into harmless substances and carbon dioxide. ) Final settlement tank: The treated water, together with the microorganisms, is channeled into the final settlement tank. The microorganisms settle to the bottom of the tank as sludge. A portion of this sludge is returned to the aeration tank to be reused. The excess sludge is sent to the anaerobic digester. 6) Clean water at the top of the t ank is collected and may be discharged as effluent into nearby rivers, streams or lakes. The effluent may also be treated further using reverse osmosis technologies (I. E. Neater). Anaerobic digester: The anaerobic digester is a closed tank with no oxygen supply. Anaerobic bacteria decomposes the sludge. Biogas, mainly methane, is produced through the breakdown of the organic matter. The biogas is used as fuel to generate electricity for the reclamation plant. The remaining solid material is removed from the tank, and can be incinerated or used as fertilizer. Think: How is sewage treatment a sustainable practice? Sustainability and Conservation Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Thus, we wish to maintain, or improve the environmental, economic and social characteristics of the world we live in, in a manner that can be continued into the future. In ecology, sustainability refers to the capacity for biological systems to remain diverse and productive over time. The principles of sustainable development Conservation, which is part and parcel of ensuring sustainable development, is the protection and preservation of natural resources in the environment. Reasons for conservation Maintaining Biodiversity It is important to maintain a large gene pool as many wild plants and animals contain favorable genes. By cross-breeding organisms with favorable genes, we can improve agricultural produce (e. G. Disease-resistant plants) Economic purposes: Plants and animals are major sources of food and raw material. Many tropical plants are sources of medicinal drugs (e. G. Nine which is an anti-malarial drug) It is important to maintain a stable and balanced ecosystem to prevent disruption of nutrient cycles like the carbon cycle (which may lead to global warming), and to alter feeding relationships in ecosystems. Scientific research on wildlife provides useful information to humans Management fisheries Fish are important sources of protein Overfeeding or indiscriminate fishing must be prevented in order to ensure that there is a sustainable yield for each species. The harvest each year should not cause a decline in the population. Sustainability can be ensured through

Japanese War Crimes

Japanese War Crimes Introduction Japanese war crimes were committed during the reign of Emperor Hirobito. The paper will give a detailed analysis of the crimes that were committed such as mass killing, forced labor, lootings, use of biological and chemical weapons, cannibalism, sexual slavery, torture and enslavement. This will hence help in giving limelight to the main effects of the crimes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japanese War Crimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To fully understand the crimes committed, the discourse will also analyze the Japanese and international law and some of the agreements that Japan signed in relation to the crimes that were later committed. As a means to an end, it will give a brief recommendation on the whole subject of war crime and the way forward for Japan. Discussion War crimes are the violations of war customs or laws (Trahan,7-13). This includes crimes that are committed against the enemies who can either be opponents or civilians. Though Japan has offered numerous apologies in regard to the suffering it caused, most people still assert that Japan still has not been humble enough to offer a genuine apology (Kristof, 37-49). Others in support of Kristof allege that the Japan government is not humble as it has until now not accepted the legal duty to compensate the people who were affected during the atrocities. Most women’s and Human’s rights organizations agree that Japan should have a legal and moral role to fully compensate the victims. However, Maga (9-31) disagrees with Kristof asserting that the nation has chosen to reject any form of reconciliation. It is the aim of this discourse to give a detailed analysis on the causes of war crimes in Japan in relation to crimes committed such as mass killing, enslavement, and forced labor among others.. It will also give limelight to obvious effects and discuss related laws and trials. Finally, it will give a recommendation. The Japanese Law in relation to War Crimes Japan promised to abide by the terms of Geneva Convention of 1929. Most of the crimes that were committed such as mass killing, lootings, slavery, forced labor, sexual slavery, torture among others did fall in the category of Japanese as well as the international law. For instance most of the crimes by the personnel in the period of the Second World War directly violated the military law. Moreover, the empire ended up breaking agreements that had been signed by Japan such as use of biological or chemical weapons as well as protecting the prisoners. The Japanese government fully accepted the terms that were set in 1945 by Potsdam declaration meaning they were not supposed to engage in the heinous activities that they later engaged in.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of Japanese War crimes and cau ses The military forces were responsible for the war crimes in Japan (Christopher and Eitzen.412-417). Other forces such as Japanese army, the navy, imperial, emperor Hirohito among others were responsible for the war crimes ( Nelson443-467). These people have been cited to have been directly or indirectly involved in the killings and the crimes that were committed against innocent civilians and war prisoners. They were responsible for the killing of millions as even some of the Japanese soldiers admitted to committing the crimes is (Maga 17-35). They conducted numerous abuses against the prisoners and the civilians in East Asia as well as the pacific region (Nelson, 443-467). Since 1950s, most of the government officials in Japan have offered unaccountable apologies for the war crimes though others still deny of having knowledge on the happenings of this period as the killings and lootings at Nanjing by the Japanese soldiers. In comparison to other forms of aggression during the Se cond World War in other nations, Japan is the only country that used biological and chemical weapons. As stated earlier, the paper will give a detailed analysis on the crimes that were committed which were against the law. Use of biochemical weapons and effects Japan started researching on both the chemical and biological weapons in 1920s (Guillemin 545-549). One of the most influential persons who was responsible for these weapons and the later effects was Shiro Ishii ( Kleinman, 23-47). He did his research on innocent victims with the protection of the local police among other influential agencies. He later constructed a biological weapon research center which was later completed in the year 1939. Every year hundreds of his prisoners were exposed to numerous known diseases such as yellow fever and anthrax (Kleinman, 23-47) Ishii even used these prisoners for various hyperthermia and gangrene experiments (Guillemin 545-549). This was a period where most prisoners were even coerced to having intercourse with people who had venereal diseases. The main victims of all these heinous acts and experiments were ordinary criminals, mentally challenged people, political prisoners, the homeless, the poor among others. Most of the prisoners who were used for the experiment were of Chinese origin as well as Americans, Europeans and Koreans.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Japanese War Crimes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no definite data on the people who were killed during the experiments but it is estimated that over twelve thousand people were sacrificed in the name of research (Greenleaf, 275-411). Over 250, 000 people were killed during the field tests as well as in the period of the post war epidemic outbreak which is directly related to biological and chemical weapons that were used (Greenleaf, 275-411). Though Ishii was an influential researcher for both biological and chemica l weapons, he did not commit these crimes alone, but he was helped by various veterinarians, researchers, doctors, among other medical experts (Kleinman, 23-47). All this happened during the reign of Emperor Hirohito in which other units which was like those of Ishii were constructed between 1931 and 1945. From the beginning of 1945, the Japan government denied having any knowledge on the activities of the chemical and biological weapons and its impact on people. They also in their interrogations on the issue tended to reduce the impact that these weapons had. In 1996 the spokesman for foreign affairs lied and defended the Japanese government asserting that the government did not have documents to prove without doubt that they used Chinese people for research.( Edwards, 317-336). That was an outright lie and Drifte ( 47-71) agrees that the Japanese government was obviously aware of the documents that confirmed the vast activities of the allied units and Unit 731. The Japanese govern ment was aware that during this period the highest authority including the Royal Family was fully responsible for these crimes. Since then, for unknown reasons, the Japanese government has refused to acknowledge on the existence of these crimes and those in authority today have continued to deny of having knowledge on such activities. It is to be understood that Japanese War Crimes were not just committed by the ethnic personnel. However, people in pacific and Asian countries teamed up with the Japanese military after coercion and threats. Others collaborated due to economic hardships, imperialist influence, aversion, among other adverse reasons. The result of the war crimes is quite vast and is nothing less than horrific. The war criminals due to the immunity given by the U.S were free to resume to their careers as if nothing happened. Various professions were dominated by high ranking Japanese researchers and medical personnel for a long time. These murderers even rose to high pos ts and became prominent government officials and presidents of various institutions and were credited for being outstanding researchers in the scientific world.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research shows that most of the graduates of various units dominated the Ministry of Health. Additionally, criminals such as Kitano Masaji and Naito Ryoichi developed influential pharmaceutical companies for instance the Green Cross Company (Hornblum, 1437). Having criminals occupy public and private companies had its own consequence. It led to the Green Cross Scandal in which approximately 1500 Japanese were given unsterilized blood which had HIV virus The war crimes have led to numerous lawsuits which are still pending. The War crimes have led numerous charges to people who were liable against various crimes against peace. Some of these charges were introduced in Tokyo trials so as to prosecute class A, Class B and class C criminals. Class B criminals were prosecuted on the merit of being found guilty of the war crimes as per the Japanese and international law. Class C were the people who were guilty of crimes related During the period of 2nd Sino Japanese War, there was use of ga s weapons for example such as tear gas was used in 1937 though from 1938, the Japanese Army started using other chemical weapons such as nausea, chlorine, phosgene gas among other toxic gases. For instance, the emperor permitted the use of such toxic gases on various occasions during the Wuhan war of 1930 despite the agreement signed in relation to use of Noxious Gases in Warfare and Hague conventions(Maga, 18). Furthermore, during the Yichang battle of 1941, the Japanese army launched around one thousand toxic yellow and red gas shells which led to immense adverse effect on over 1,600 Chinese soldiers (Maga, 17-35). Enslavement in relation to war crimes There has been immense controversy on the role of Japan during the Second World War. This has been in relation to the numerous deaths of prisoners of war who were all under Japanese rule. During this period, the Japanese government during its criminal activities killed over 30 million people in which 25 million were Chinese (Futamur a, 59-114). Japan is known to have enslaved millions of people. People were exploited and worked as casual laborers and forced prostitutes. Additionally, forced labor caused several deaths. Over 100, 000 civilians ended up dying during the Siam Railway construction (Fatamura, 59-114). Fatumura in regard to the Tokyo Tribunal’s findings, asserts that the death rates from the Asian nations in which Japan was fully accountable was approximately 27.1% whereas the Chinese death rates were higher than that of the Asians which were directed by Emperor Hirohito( 59-114). Enslavement led to war crimes as it was against the Japanese and international law. Mass killings in relation to war crimes Japanese government was also guilty of mass killings as between the year 1937 and 1945; the military killed over 10 million people (Fatamura, 59-114). This was a result of poor military strategy and immoral national culture. The most famous incident happened in 1937 to 1938; Nanking Massacre, wh ere the Japanese military and army killed over 300, 000 prisoners and civilians (Maga, 17-35). This was against the law and hence led to war crimes. Torture as a cause of war crimes The Japanese forces employed vast usage of torture mechanisms in an effort to promptly gather intelligence. The tortured prisoners could be later executed which went undetected and unquestioned. The prisoners were bullied and murdered so as to cover evidence. This was crime against humanity. Cannibalism as a cause of war crime Another issue under crimes were cannibalism in which most Tokyo tribunals cases indicates that the personnel in Pacific and Asia who were from Japanese origin committed heinous acts of cannibalism against the prisoners. It was so tragic that the Japanese personnel started selecting prisoners daily where every day a prisoner would be killed and later eaten by the army. Liutenant Yoshio Tachibana among other personnel was convicted of cannibalism in 1946 (Maga, 17). Sexual slavery Th e other form of crime was sexual slavery among women where women were recruited by deceptive means, then abducted and finally forced to sexual slavery. This was against the law hence causing war crimes. Trials in relation to war crimes After the war, various people were categorized in the class A, B and C war criminals where around 984 people were condemned to death. Approximately 920 people were executed, 2, 944 people received prison terms, 475 people got a life sentence, 1, 018 got acquitted and around 279 people were neither brought to trial nor sentenced (Maga, 17-31). Emperor Hirohito and other members of the Royal Family who were implicated in the war were exonerated from the criminal prosecutions. Most of the historians have been cited criticizing this decision of the court to exonerate these high ranking officials of the Royal family arguing that they were directly involved in the war crimes. Recommendations It goes without saying that there comes a time when it is not nece ssary anymore to understand why Japan cannot genuinely apologize for its acts, why the Japanese soldiers committed such barbaric acts and even why the emperor was exonerated from the war crimes. The question is, does it matter anymore to count on the innocent victims who were killed during Nanjing Massacre, how many Chinese and Americans were tortured and killed or even how many times the Japanese used biochemical weapons in China which resulted to deaths? It is time that Japanese government acknowledged its war crimes if at all they want to maintain peace in the international sphere and even play a meaningful role in the United Nations (Li,.8-12). For Japan to gain trust of other nations, it ought to settle its legal and moral obligations. Japan should take responsibility for the war crimes, apologize to the victims who were involved in the atrocities and pay the appropriate reparations to all the victims. Conclusion It is apparent that Japanese War crimes had immense effect. The p aper has extensively discussed the Japanese War crimes focusing on the crimes committed, its effects and finally given a recommendation. Christopher, George., Eitzen, Edward. â€Å"Biological warfare†. JAMA, 278.5 (1997): 412-417. Drifte, Reinhard. Japan’s security relations with China since 1909. From balancing to bandwagoning. New York: Routledge, 2002. Print Edwards, Jason. â€Å"Community focused apologia in international affairs. Japanese prime minister Tomiichi Murayama’s apology†. Howard journal of communication, 16.4 (2005): 317-336. Futamura, Madoka. War crimes tribunals and transitional justice. The Tokyo trial and the Nuremburg legacy. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print Greenleaf, Peter. Japan’s secret weapon. Washington: Current publishing, 1944 Guillemin, Jeanne. â€Å"Scientists and the history of biological weapons†. Science and society, 7 (2006): 545-549 Hornblum, Allen. â€Å"They were cheap and available: prisoners as resea rch subjects in 20th century’. Education and debate, 315(1997): 1437 Kristof, Nicholas. â€Å"The problem of memory†. JSOR, Foreign affairs, 77.6 (Nov 1998): 37-49 Kleinman, Arthur. Japan’s wartime medical atrocities. Comparative inquiries in science, history and ethics. New York: Taylor and Francis, 2010. Print Li, Peter. Japanese War Crimes: The search for justice. New York: Transaction publishers, 2003. Print Maga, Timothy. Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War crimes Trials. CA: University press of Kenturcky, 2001. Print Nelson, John. â€Å"Social memory as ritual practice: commemorating spirits of the military dead at Yasukuni Shinto Shrine†. Journal of Asian Studies, 62.2 (2003): 443-467 Trahan, Jennifer. Genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. A topical digest of the case law of the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. New York: Human Rights watch, 2006. Print

Health Care Economics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Economics - Article Example Declines in demand for healthcare services in other communities have resulted in an increase within the Boston community. With the high-level of medical research being undertaken within the community, other healthcare systems rely on the occurrences within the Boston community healthcare system. Market structures The healthcare sector within the Boston community remains dominated by relatively low number of large organisations. This has been fundamental toward the organisational stability experienced within the healthcare market. The prevailing market structures within the Boston community remain fundamental in determining how various stakeholders within the healthcare sector perform. The healthcare sector in Boston remains highly unique as in consists on several world renowned teaching medical centres. Notable among them are Boston Medical Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital, New England Medical Centre, among others. These academic medical centres have a significant contribution not only to the Boston community, but the entire world as well. The reputation of Boston’s healthcare institutions plays a significant role in the existing stricter of the healthcare market within the community. ... The market structures are significantly influenced by the healthcare providers and insurers as well. These two stakeholders have a fundamental role in establishment of the structures. Healthcare providers The healthcare providers form the base for any healthcare system. The providers within this community have continuously struggled to gain sufficient dominance of the market. While seeking to improve on their market dominance, several healthcare providers merged in order to strengthen their market share. Consolidation strategies have been adopted by many healthcare providers, however, majority of these consolidation structures have not produced the desired payoff to the providers(Williams, Christianson, Barraclough, & Gaylin, 1999). The consolidation strategies have caused a reduction in the number of healthcare providers through mergers and partnerships. The healthcare sector in the Boston community has remained dominated by two major organisations; Partner and Caregroup. The sign ificance of Boston healthcare institutions upon the regional healthcare sector has increasingly affected the structure of many providers within the community. Numerous academic healthcare centres have continuously sought affiliates to manage the increasing demand for medical services within the community. These providers continue to be faced with expansion challenges seeking to satisfy the market demand. As opposed to other medical providers, the academic centres receive high numbers of referrals from other providers within and outside Boston. These referrals continue to present a challenge to the academic medical providers as they seek expansion through mergers with other facilities. Other providers

Human rights abuses and violations of international law in Israel-Gaza Article

Human rights abuses and violations of international law in Israel-Gaza war - Article Example Israel is waging a war of self-defense against a â€Å"terrorist organization† (the Hamas authority) and, hence, is obligated to protect its security whilst meeting the â€Å"vital needs† of the civilian population of Gaza. Were these needs at odds with security, priority was to be given to security. Apparently, the Israeli Supreme Court resolved that the Gaza Strip was not occupied by Israel on the basis of the closure of Israeli military rule and the temporary existence of Israeli combatants in Gaza. Therefore, the court decided that, â€Å"Israel no longer has effective control over what takes place within the territory of the Gaza Strip† (Davis & Kirk 128) and, thus, â€Å"has no general obligation to care for the welfare of the residents of the Strip†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mukhimer 33). Basically, the court believed that the widening of the occupation to a certain territory necessitates the recognition of the right to ‘permanent presence’ of soldiers and hostile armed forces in that territory (Davis & Kirk 128-9). Such facts only show that the Israeli state is in clear violation of the legal rights of the Gaza Strip. Violation of the laws of war by the Israeli army involved drone-propelled missile assaults that took the life of several civilians. Hamas and other Palestinian militias encroached upon the laws of war through rocket-launched attacks intentionally or extensively to civilian territories in Israel (Garlasco 59). Furthermore, both Hamas and Israel keep on violating international humanitarian law. Palestinian armies have loosened up but did not cease their wholesale rocket attacks against Israel. Israel is seriously limiting the import of needed supplies for rebuilding into Gaza. After the hostilities, civilians in Gaza have been incapable of restoring their devastated houses and infrastructures. Insofar as right to self-defense is involved, the UN Charter stated that the right to self-defense is an â€Å"inherent right of [the] state† (Meloni & Tognoni

Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2007 Essay Example for Free

Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2007 Essay A. Problem Summary â€Å"Richard, you will end up in prison or as a millionaire†. These are the words of the headmaster of Stowe, a private boarding school Branson dropped out at 17. His success started by publishing a magazine called Student, then he moved on to mail order records. This is where the Virgin Group started. Richard Branson has developed his brand in a large variety of markets. The over-familiarity of the Virgin brand has caused the consumers to not take the brand in a serious manner. One might argue that he stretched his brand too thin. This lack of focus and over-diversification could result in further over investments in projects that do not hold a steady future. In this paper we will brake down the strategic of sense of apparent entrepreneurial chaos. We will address topics such as key resources, dominant logic, characteristics of markets that conform to this logic, and designing a corporate strategy and structure. B. Analysis †¢ Key Resources o Virgin Brand The Virgin name is the group’s most important asset. The group is involved in a variety of different business ranging from airlines, books, jewelry to limousines. The Virgin Brand strives for value for money, good quality, brilliant customer service, innovation, competitively challenging and fun. The customers receive these attributes in a variety of ways. This is the brand’s competitive advantage. o Branson Branson’s eccentric personality, laid-back look and charisma are the essence of the Virgin brand. Branson embodied the spirit of â€Å"New Britain† to his generation because of his image and entrepreneurial spirit. Branson acted as a magnet for potential entrepreneurs; his brand actively encouraged the creating of fresh business ideas to its development office in London, Sidney and New York. Branson’s opposition to corporate offices led him to conduct business from family homes, houseboats, and vacation homes. His image exuded a carefree approach to exploring new ventures. Branson was impressed by the Japanese approach to business. Their long-term development and focus on organic growth were the key points Branson admired. His networking skills started a very young age. His first team was comprised of childhood friend Nik Powell, and affluent individuals such as Simon Draper and Mike Oldfield. Key management of the Virgin Group is the informal relations between Branson and a small core of long-term associates who form the senior management team of the group. Branson considers cash flow and capital value as important performance indicators, rather than concentrating in accounting profits. His tendency to avoid short-term taxable profits makes his approach ideal, concentrating in long-term capital growth instead. †¢ Dominant Logic The ability of the Virgin Group to operate effectively with so little structure or management systems owes much to the group’s unique organizational culture. This is defined almost entirely by Branson’s management style. His style reflects his sense of fun, disrespect for hierarchy and formal authority, commitment to employees and consumers and belief in hard work and individual responsibility. †¢ Characteristics of Markets that Conform to this Logic o Consumer Branson wanted to offer consumers a â€Å"new deal† by continually being on the lookout for business opportunities. Branson did so by involving venture with direct sales to consumers and passing on the cost savings from bypassing traditional distribution channels. o Dominant Incumbent Branson’s Virgin Travel is the dominant incumbent Virgin brand company. Post 2002 recovery in the airline industry, Virgin Travel was able to turn the largest profit of the Virgin Groups. o High Entry Barriers to Other Start-ups The airline and galactic companies both involve high entry barriers and significant start up costs. In addition to costs, Branson also had to negotiate with governments in order to receive approval. o Branson/Virgin Image Appeals to Customers Branson believed in multiple companies interlocking through managerial and equity linkages in a collaborative network. He accomplished this by having small companies combined and believes â€Å"small is beautiful† with strength through unity. Branson is a strong advocate of sticking it to the large corporations. †¢ Designing a Corporate Strategy and Structure o Business Model Virgin Group is built upon the theory of creating an entrepreneurial incubator and diversifying the corporation as much as possible. Branson does not want his best people to leave the company and start their own ventures. Instead, he prefers to develop them into millionaires within. The company is focused on diversifying into many markets. Some of these markets include travel, jewelry, entertainment, records, and mobile. His corporate strategy is focused on cash flow and capital value. He wants to increase his company’s real value and a long-term cash generation potential. He does not care about his accounting profit. o Type of Structure The Virgin Group is structured as if they are 150 small companies. Each one stands on its own two feet, as if they are their own companies. Employees have a stake in their success. They feel they are crucial to their individual company because they are one-in-fifty or one-in a hundred instead of one-in-tens-of-thousands. All of the companies are under the Virgin umbrella, but none of them are looked at, as simply a subsidiary. C. Alternatives As for the scope for New Approaches to Customer Service, Branson wants to create value for the customers entering with a new anti-establishment attitude, which sought to offer customers a better alternative. Branson hoped to bring a breath of fresh air. Virgin’s brilliant customer service approach strived to be â€Å"friendly, human, and relaxed; professional but not corporate†. According to the financial results of select Virgin Companies from 2004 to 2006. Virgin Retail Limited had a negative net profit in 2004. This branch of Virgin could be looked at to potentially divest. In order to maintain the Virgin name a success. Branson may look to consolidate some of his different brands in the future. With the threat of Britain’s capital gains tax laws, this could eliminate the advantages of multiple off shore companies, which Branson is involved in. D. Recommendation We feel the best alternative for Branson and his Virgin Brand would be to look into divesting out of some markets and focusing more on a smaller scale. Richard should look into investing more into the companies that are performing well and stray from unprofitable, high-risk markets. If Branson looks at the financial standpoint of his companies and possibly divest in the poor performing ones, he could potentially be more successful. Overall, Branson has been mostly successful in his quest for Virgin dominance. There is some room for improvement in Branson’s strategies; however, he is going to do what Branson wants to do. And this strategy has obviously been successful thus far.